ӨНӨӨГИЙН НИЙГЭМ БА ГЭМТ ХЭРГЭЭС АЙХ АЙДАС
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63570/leKeywords:
Гэмт хэргээс айх айдас,, шилжилтийн нийгэм, гэмт хэрэгт хохирох байдал,, эмх забраагүй байдал,, тайлбарлагч хүчин зүйлсAbstract
Citizens of a society have the right to live securely. Thus, the under-
standing of people’s opinion about crime problem is vital to gain a broad and better
knowledge of national crime problem. ‘Fear of crime’ is a major determinant of how
much people feel secure or fearful in their society. This study analyzed survey data
from samples of 683 individuals of the city Ulaanbaatar,by using survey questionnaires
based on the international crime victim survey. The results showed that, approximately
43.5 per cent of respondents felt unsafe while walking on the street at night,a 63.5
per cent of respondents reported that they suffered from any kind of crimes, and a
36.5 per cent were victimized indirect way. Considering the lack of the prior literatures,
the results of the study suggested investigating this issue more accurately
References
REFERENCE
Ackah, Y. (2000). “Fear of Crime among
an Immigrant Population in the Washington,
DC Metropolitan Area.”Journal of Black Stud-
ies,30(4): 553–573.
Adams, R. E., and Serpe, R. T. (2000).“So-
cial integration, fear of crime, and life satis-
faction.”
Social Perspectives, 43:605−629.
Balkin, S. (1979).“Victimization Rates,
Safety and Fear of Crime.”Social Problems,
26:343-358.
Baumer, E.P. (1985). “Testing a General
Model of Fear of Crime: Data from a National
Sample.”The Journal of Research in Crime and
Delinquency, 22:239-308.
Bayley, D. H. (1975). “The Police and Po-
litical Development in Europe: The Formation
of National States in Europe.” Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press.
Borooah, V.K. and Carcach, C. A. (1997).
“Crime and Fear: Evidence from Australia.”
British Journal ofCriminology 37(4):635-657.
Braithwaite, J. and Si Biles, D. (1984). “Vic-
tims and Offenders: The Australian Experience.
In Victimization and Fear of Crime: World Per-
spectives.” U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau
of Justice Statistics, 3-10.
Braungart, M. M., Braungart, R.G. and Wil-
liam J. H. (1980).“Age, Sex, and Social Factors
in Fear of Crime.”Sociological Focus 13:55-66.
Burby, R.J. and Rohe, W.M. (1989).“De-con-
centration of Public Housing: Effects of Res-
idents’ satisfaction with their Living Environ-
ments and their Fear of Crime.”, Urban Affairs
Quarterly, 25:117-141.
Campbell, A. (1981). “The Sense of Well-Be-
ing in America.”New York, McGraw-Hill
21CRIMINOLOGY ХУУЛЬ САХИУЛАХУЙ
Carcach, C. A., Frampton, P., Thomas, K.,
and Cranich, M. (1995).“Explaining Fear of
Crime in Queensland.”Journal of Quantitative-
Criminology 11(3):271-287.
Cao, L., Lai, Y., and Zhao, R. (2012).
“Shades of Blue: Confidence in the Police in
the World.” Journal of Criminal Justice, 40:40-
49.
Clemente, F., Kleiman, M. B. (1977). “Fear
of Crime in the United States: A Multivariate
Analysis.” Social Forces, 56, (2),Special Issue,
519-531.
Clemente, F., and Kleinman, M. B.
(1976).“Fear of Crime among the Aged.”Ger-
ontologist 16 (3): 207-210
Congalton, A. and Si Najman, J. (1974).
“Who are the Victims?” Sydney: New South
Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research.
Davaa, J.andAltangerel, B. (2015). “The
Fear in Mongolian Society: Comparative Anal-
ysis”, Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Hu-
manities, 4 (2):145-153.
Diener, Ed., Robert, A. E., Randy, J. L., and
Sharon, G. (1985).“The Satisfaction with Life
Scale.”Journal of Personality Assessment 49:
71-75.
Enkhbold, B. and EuiGab Hwang, “Crime
Trend and Emerging Crime types after Democ-
ratization in Modern Mongolia: The Effect of
Social Transition and Urbanization” Journal of
Terrorism Studies. 4:223-261
Ferraro, K. F. (1995). “Fear of Crime: Inter-
preting Victimization Risk.” New York: SUNY
Press.
Ferraro, K. F. (1996). “Women’s Fear of
Victimization: Shadow of Sexual Assault?” So-
cial Sciences, 47:S233-244.
Franklin, T. W., Franklin, C. A., and Fearn,
N. E. (2008).“A Multilevel Analysis of the
Vulnerability, Disorder, and Social Integration
Models of Fear of Crime.”Social Justice Re-
search, 21(2):204-227.
Gainey, R., Alper, M., and Chappell, A. T.
(2011). “Fear of Crime Revisited: Examining the
Direct and Indirect Effects of Disorder, Risk
Perception, and Social Capital.” American Jour-
nal of Criminal Justice, 36(2):120-137.
Garofalo, J. (1981). “The Fear of Crime:
Causes and Consequences.” Journal of Crimi-
nal Law and Criminology, 72(2): 839-857.
Garofalo, J. (1979). “Victimization and the
Fear of Crime.”Journal of Research in Crime
and
Delinquency, 16(1):80-97.
Gibson, C. L., Zhao, J., Lovrich, N. P., and
Gaffney, M. J. (2002). “Social Integration, In-
dividual
Perceptions of Collective Efficacy, and
Fear of Crime in Three Cities.”Justice Quarterly,
19(3):537-564.
Gordon, M. T. and Riger, S. (1989). “The
Female Fear.” New York: The Free Press.
Hale, C. (1996). “Fear of Crime: A Review
of the Literature.” International Review of Vic-
timology, 4:79-150.
Hartnagel, T. F. (1979). “The Perception
and Fear of Crime: Implications for Neighbor-
hood Cohesion, Social Activity, and Communi-
ty Affect.” Social Forces, 58:176-193
Hinderland, M. J., Gottfredson, M. R., Ga-
rofalo, J. (1978). “Victims of Personal Crime.”-
Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Hwang, E. G. (2006). “A Multilevel Test of
Fear of Crime: The Effect of Social Conditions,
Perceived Community Policing Activities, and
Perceived Risks in a Megalopolis.” Unpublished
Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University,
East Lansing.
Hyunseok, J., Enkhbold, B., and Chuluun-
bat, Sh. (2015). “Trust in the Police in a Transi-
tional Society: The Case of Mongolia.” Journal
of Korean Criminological Association, 9(2):
280-308.
Junger, T. (1987). “Women’s Experiences
of Sexual Harassment: Some Implications for
their Fear of Crime.” British Journal of Crimi-
nology. 27:358-383.
Karakus, O., McGarrell, E.F., and Basi-
buyuk, O. (2010).“Fear of Crime among Cit-
izens of Turkey.”Journal of Criminal Justice,
38:174-184.
Kasarda, J. D., and Janowitz.M.
(1974).“Community Attachment in Mass So-
ciety.”American Sociological Review, 39:328-
339.
Khruakham, S., and Lee JoongYeup.
(2014). “Terrorism and other Determinants of
Fear of Crime in the Philippines” International
Journal of Police Science & Management Vol-
ume, 16 (1):1-15.
LaGrange, R. L., Ferraro, K. F., and
Supancic, M. (1992).“Perceived Risk and Fear
of Crime: Role of Social and Physical Incivili-
ties.”Journal of Research in Crime and Delin-
quency, 29:311−334.
Lee, M. and Ulmer, J. T. (2000).“Fear of
Crime among Korean Americans in Chicago
Communities.”Criminology, 38: 1173–1206.
Lewis, D. A. and Salem, G. (1981). “Com-
munity Crime Prevention: An Analysis of a
22ГЭМТ ЯВДАЛ СУДЛАЛLAW ENFORCEMENT
Developing Strategy.” Crime and Delinquency,
27:405-421.
McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L., and
Thurman, Q. C. (1997).“Neighborhood Disor-
der, Integration, and the Fear of Crime.”Justice
Quarterly, 14(3):479-500.
Munkhdorj, B. (2013). “Current Situation
and Future Trend of Crime in Mongolia: Im-
plementation and Tendency of the State Policy
on Combating Crime”, International Scientific
Conference, 1:115-124.
NPA.(2015). “The Yearbook-2014”, Ulaan-
baatar, National Police Agency, Mongolia.
Nyamsuren, Ch. (2005). “Crime Victimiza-
tion” Mongolian Advocates Association, Soy-
ombo press, Ulaanbaatar.
Ollenberger, J. (1981). “Criminal Victimiza-
tion and Fear of Crime.”Research on Ageing,
3: 101-118.
Parker, K. D. and Ray, M. C. (1990). “Fear
of Crime: An Assessment of Related Factors.”
Sociological Spectrum, 10:29-40.
Parker, K. D. (1986). “Perceptions of Fear
of Crime: A Comparative Analysis of Mississip-
pi Residents.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State,
MS.
Rugless, M.A. (1998).“Influence of Gen-
der, Age, and Prison Locale on Fear of Crime”,
Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Sam Houston
State University, Huntsville, Texas.
Sampson, R., Jeffrey Morenoff, and Felton
Earls. (1999). “Beyond Social Capital: Spatial
Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children.”
American Sociological Review, 64:633-660.
Sener, U. (2007). “Democracy, Crime Vic-
timization and Fear of Crime: The Effect of
Democratic Quality on Citizens’ Fear of Crimi-
nal Victimization.” Unpublished Ph.D. disserta-
tion, Kent State University, 2007.
Shaw, M. (2002).“Crime, Police and Public
in Transitional Societies.”Transformation: Crit-
ical
Perspectives on Southern Africa, 49:1-24.
Skogan, W. G. (1990). “Disorder and De-
cline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in Amer-
ican Neighborhoods.” University of California
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles:
Skogan, W. G., and Maxfield, M.G. (1981).
“Coping with Crime: Individual and Neighbor-
hood
Reactions.”Sage: Beverly Hills, CA.
Stafford, M. C., and Galle, O. R.
(1984).“Victimization Rates, Exposure to Risk,
and Fear of Crime.”Criminology, 22:173-185.
Sundeen, R. A. (1984). “Explaining the Fear
of Crime among International Students from
Developing Countries: A Revised Model.”Crim-
inal Justice Review,2: 7–13.
Taub, R. P., Garth Taylor. D, and Jan. D.
Dunham., (1984).“Paths of Neighborhood
Change.”University of Chicago, Chicago.
Thurman, Q. C., Zhao, J. S., and Giacom-
azzi, A. J. (2001).“Community Policing in a
Community Era.”Los Angeles: Roxbury.
Trojanowicz, R. (1986). “Evaluating a
Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program.” In D.
Rosenbaum (Ed.), The Challenge of Commu-
nity Policing, Testing the Promises:157-178.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Vanderveen, G. (2006). “Interpreting Fear,
Crime, Risk and Unsafety.”Den Haag: BJU.
Warr, M. (1984). “Fear of Victimization:
Why are Womenand the Elderly More Afraid?”
Social Science Quarterly 65:681-702.
Zarafonitou, C. (2009). “Criminal Victim-
ization in Greece and the Fear of Crime: A
‘Paradox’ for Interpretation.” International Re-
view of Victimology, 16:277-300.
Zhao, J. S., Scheider, M., & Thurman, Q.
C. (2002). “The Effect of Police Presence on
Public Fear Reduction and Satisfaction: A Re-
view of the Literature.” Justice Professional,
15:273−299.
Zvekic, U. (1998). “Criminal Victimization
in Countries in the Transition.”UNICRI publica-
tion 6, 1998
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Хууль сахиулахуй

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.